Home » L-EU-SILC 2023: Id-Djar Ewlenin
L-EU-SILC huwa stħarriġ panel annwali li jiġbor tagħrif dwar id-dħul u l-kundizzjonijiet tal-għajxien tad-djar privati f’Malta u Għawdex. Fl-2023, kienu intervistati b’kollox 4,515-il dar.
Fl-2023, 64.9 fil-mija tad-djar bin-nies f’Malta u Għawdex kienu appartamenti jew maisonettes, filwaqt li 30.8 fil-mija kienu semi-detached jew terraced houses. Ir-riżultati juru li l-akbar proporzjon ta’ djar ewlenin (36.4 fil-mija) kien fihom ħamest ikmamar (ara nota metodoloġika nru 5a). Wara dawn kien hemm 20.6 fil-mija tad-djar ewlenin li kienu magħmulin minn erbat ikmamar, u 20.5 fil-mija oħra kellhom sitt ikmamar (Tabelli nri 1 u 2).
Fl-2023, li tkun sid taʼ darek kien l-aktar tip komuni taʼ titolu fuq id-dar, bi 72.1 fil-mija tal-familji kollha jkunu sidien tad-dar ewlenija tagħhom. Minn dawn, 50.0 fil-mija kienu sidien għalkollox taʼ darhom, jiġifieri jew qatt ma kellhom ipoteka fuq id-dar ewlenija tagħhom jew inkella jkunu ħallsu lura d-dejn tagħhom kollu. Proporzjon ogħla ta’ sidien ta’ djar kien irreġistrat fost djar bi tfal dipendenti, li kien ta’ 77.0 fil-mija, għall-kuntrarju ta’ djar mingħajr tfal dipendenti, li l-proporzjon tagħhom kien ta’ 70.4 fil-mija. Kienet osservata xejra differenti fost id-djar ewlenin mikrija, li wriet li 25.3 fil-mija tal-unitajiet domestiċi mingħajr tfal dipendenti kienu kerrejja. Min-naħa l-oħra, 20.4 fil-mija tal-familji li fid-dar ewlenija tagħhom kienu fil-kera kellhom tfal dipendenti (Tabella nru 3).
Skont l-EU-SILC, matul l-2023, 2.4 fil-mija ta’ dawk kollha li jgħixu fi djar privati kienu jgħixu fi djar iffullati (Ċart nru 1). Ir-rata ta’ ffullar hija mifhuma bħala l-għadd ta’ kmamar disponibbli fid-dar b’rabta mad-daqs tal-familja u demografiċi oħra (ara nota metodoloġika nru 5c).
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Nota: Waqfa fis-serje: ara nota metodoloġika nru 6.
L-ispejjeż biex ikollok fejn toqgħod kienu mifhuma li jifformaw piż marġinali għal 53.6 fil-mija tal-persuni kollha li jgħixu fid-djar. 24.9 fil-mija oħra qiesu dawn l-ispejjeż bħala piż kbir, filwaqt li għall-21.5 fil-mija l-oħra, ma kienu ta’ ebda piż (Tabella nru 4 u Ċart nru 2). Barra minn hekk, 72.5 fil-mija tal-persuni li kienu mċaħħda materjalment b’mod sever, qiesu l-ispejjeż biex ikollhom fejn joqogħdu bħala piż kbir. B’kuntrast ma’ dan, 31.6 fil-mija biss tan-nies li kienu fir-riskju tal-faqar qiesu l-ispejjeż tal-akkomodazzjoni bħala piż kbir (Tabella nru 5).
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Nota: Waqfa fis-serje: ara nota metodoloġika nru 6.
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Nota: Waqfa fis-serje: ara nota metodoloġika nru 6.
Kif irrappurtat minn 34.7 fil-mija ta’ dawk li wieġbu, l-aktar kwistjonijiet komuni ta’ akkomodazzjoni kienu t-tniġġis, il-ġmied, jew problemi ambjentali oħra. L-istorbju mill-ġirien jew mit-triq kien it-tieni l-aktar problema msemmija, kif esperjenzat minn 31.3 fil-mija oħra tad-djar mistħarrġa (Ċart nru 6).
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5. Definitions:
5a. A room is defined as a space of a housing unit enclosed by walls and with a ceiling, of a size large enough to hold a bed for an adult (four square metres at least) and whose height is at least two metres.
Number of rooms in main dwelling include: kitchens, bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, study rooms and habitable cellars/basements and exclude: garages, kitchenettes, corridors, box rooms, verandas, bathrooms, showers, utility rooms (e.g. washrooms) and rooms used for business only.
5c. The overcrowding rate is defined as the percentage of the population living in an overcrowded household.
A person is considered as living in an overcrowded household if the household does not have at its disposal a minimum number of rooms equal to:
– one room for the household;
– one room per couple in the household;
– one room for each single person aged 18 or more;
– one room per pair of single people of the same gender between 12 and 17 years of age;
– one room for each single person between 12 and 17 years of age and not included in the previous category;
– one room per pair of children under 12 years of age.
5d. The total disposable income of a household is calculated by adding:
– Gross employee cash or near cash income;
– Gross non-cash employee income (only company car and associated costs included);
– Gross cash benefits or losses from self-employment (including royalties);
– Unemployment benefits;
– Old-age benefits;
– Survivors’ benefits;
– Sickness benefits;
– Disability benefits;
– Education-related allowances;
– Income from rental of property or land;
– Family/Children related allowances;
– Social exclusion not elsewhere classified;
– Housing allowances;
– Regular inter-household cash transfers received;
– Interests, dividends, profits from capital investments in unincorporated business;
– Income received by people aged under 16;
– Income received from individual private pension plans.
and deducting:
– regular inter-household cash transfers paid,
– tax on income, and,
– social insurance contributions
5e. Equivalent household size is calculated according to the “modified OECD” equivalence scale which gives:
– a weight of 1.0 to the first adult;
– a weight of 0.5 to any other household member aged 14+;
– a weight of 0.3 to each child.
The resulting figure, which is the sum of these weights, is attributed to each member of the household.
5f. Equivalised disposable income is also referred to as National Equivalised Income (NEI) is defined as the household’s total disposable income divided by its “equivalent size”, to take account of the size and composition of the household, and is attributed to each household member. For example a household with 2 adults and 2 children aged less than 14, would have an equivalised household size of (1+0.5+0.3+0.3) = 2.1. If the total disposable income earned by the household is €20,000, then the household equivalised income would result in (€20,000/2.1) = €9,523.
5g. The at-risk-of-poverty threshold is also referred to as the at-risk-of-poverty line or, simply, the poverty line. This is equivalent to 60 per cent of the median national equivalised income of persons living in private households.
5h. Material and Social Deprivation:
In 2017, a set of new Material and Social Deprivation (MSD) indicators were adopted by all the European Union (EU) Member States (Guio, 2017). The new indicators are the Material and Social deprivation (MSD) indicator and the Severe Material and Social Deprivation (SMSD) indicator. These indicators are based on 13 items (seven household items and six personal items).
Household items:
– ace unexpected expenses;
– afford one week annual holiday away from home;
– avoid arrears (in mortgage, rent, utility bills and/or hire purchase instalments);
– afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day;
– afford keeping their home appropriately warm;
– have access to a car/van for personal use;
– replace worn-out furniture.
Personal items:
– replace worn-out clothes with some new ones;
– have two pairs of properly fitting shoes;
– spend a small amount of money each week on him/herself (“pocket money”);
– have regular leisure activities;
– get together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month;
– have an internet connection.
Persons lacking at least five items out of the 13 material and social deprivation items are considered to be materially and socially deprived.
Persons lacking at least seven items out of the 13 material and social deprivation items are considered to be severely materially and socially deprived.
5i. The Work Intensity (WI) of a household is the ratio of the total number of months that all household members have worked during the income reference year and the total number of months the same household members theoretically could have worked in the same period. In line with EU Regulation No. 2019/1700 on person and household surveys, the WI indicator was modified to cover persons aged between 18 and 64 instead of persons aged between 18 and 59. Students aged between 18 and 24 are excluded from the calculation of this indicator. Moreover, households composed only of children aged less than 18, students aged less than 25 and/or people aged 65 or more are completely excluded from the computation of this indicator.
5j. The at-risk-of-poverty rate refers to the share of persons with an equivalised disposable income below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold.
5k. The term housing costs refers to the monthly costs connected with the household’s right to live in the accommodation, and includes: interest paid on mortgages, rent payments, structural insurances, cost of utilities and regular maintenance and repairs.
5l. The household cost burden is defined as the ratio of annual total housing costs (net of housing allowances) to the total disposable household income (net of housing allowances). The median of the housing cost burden distribution refers to the value which divides the total frequency for this distribution at individual level into two halves i.e. it is the value that falls exactly in the middle so that 50% of persons have a household cost burden ratio above this value and 50% are below.
6. Following the 2021 Population and Housing Census, NSO introduced a new sampling frame of households and individuals which was used for the first time EU-SILC as from 2023. In addition, EU-SILC was benchmarked with updated demographic estimates derived from this census. NSO ran several tests which revealed little impact of statistical significance on the core EU-SILC indicators. Consequently, it was concluded that revisions on past time series data were not necessary. NSO still feels appropriate flagging these methodological changes, primarily because they may influence the interpretation of changes in household and individual counts in EU-SILC 2023, when compared to previous years.
7. Estimates of variance for main SILC 2023 indicators related to Main Dwellings
estimate | margin of error at 95% Confidence Interval | 95% confidence interval | ||
Persons living in an overcrowded household | ||||
Number | 12,943 | 5,217 | 12,943 ± 5,217 | |
% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | |
Persons living in households where the financial burden of the total housing cost is perceived to be: | ||||
Heavy | Number | 128,702 | 12,761 | 128,702 ± 12,761 |
% | 24.9 | 2.4 | 24.9 ± 2.4 | |
Slight | Number | 276,507 | 14,488 | 276,507 ± 14,488 |
% | 53.6 | 2.7 | 53.6 ± 2.7 | |
No burden at all | Number | 110,952 | 11,184 | 110,952 ± 11,184 |
% | 21.5 | 2.1 | 21.5 ± 2.1 | |
Persons living in households having the following tenure status over main dwelling: | ||||
Owned | Number | 397,364 | 14,898 | 397,364 ± 14,898 |
% | 74.7 | 2.8 | 74.7 ± 2.8 | |
Rented | Number | 119,490 | 15,015 | 119,490 ± 15,015 |
% | 22.5 | 2.8 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | |
Provided free of charge | Number | 15,332 | 3,568 | 15,332 ± 3,568 |
% | 2.9 | 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 |